The Fed’s balance sheet takes center stage as liquidity concerns rise

Published Wed, Oct 29 20252:10 AM EDTUpdated Wed, Oct 29 20257:04 AM EDT

Olivia Levieux @in/livlev @OliviaLevieux

Key Points

Short-term interest rates have been particularly volatile in recent weeks, with the U.S. repo market signaling potential liquidity distress.
The rise in funding rates has raised questions over the state of bank reserves.
The pervasive repo market heaviness has led to consistent usage of the Fed's Standing Repo Facility (SRF).

The U.S. Federal Reserve is widely expected to cut interest rates when it meets on Wednesday with little to no room for a surprise. Any remaining excitement is centered on what the central bank will signal regarding its balance sheet and the path forward. Short-term interest rates have been particularly volatile in recent weeks, with the U.S. repo market signaling potential liquidity distress as it trades within a few basis points of the Fed's upper limit, and in fact was above the top of the range Monday. The repo market is considered the plumbing of the U.S. financial system, providing short-term collateralised overnight loans to market participants. The rise in funding rates has raised questions over the state of bank reserves and led a number of analysts to bet on the Fed ending its quantitative tightening (QT) program earlier than expected. "We expect the FOMC to end its securities runoffs at this month's meeting," analysts at Wrightson ICAP said in a note, citing the recent repo market volatility as a "sufficient warning sign to justify moving on to the next phase of the Fed's normalization plan." The pervasive repo market heaviness has led to consistent usage of the Fed's Standing Repo Facility (SRF), which was created after the repo market blowup of 2019 as a liquidity backstop and de facto ceiling on the funding market. The SRF suffers from signficiant negative market perception, as well as structural issues such as its balance sheet costs (it is not centrally cleared), that have prevented any real uptake from market participants outside of pressurized statement dates. The historical reluctance of banks and dealers to tap the SRF, even when arbitrage opportunities exist, has raised concerns over why the emergency facility is now seeing use – are there serious liquidity pressures emerging that are forcing member institutions to tap the SRF as a true last resort? "The SRF is functioning exactly as it's supposed to," said Samuel Earl, Barclay's lead on Short Duration Strategy. "The Fed has been encouraging people to use [the SRF] when frictions emerge in the funding markets." Barclays expects the Fed to end QT in December, with Earl raising the point that should the Fed end QT early over SRF jitters, the unintended consequence may be a reinforcement of the SRF stigma the central bank has tried so hard to remove. Earlier this year Dallas Fed President Lorie Logan said she expected banks to turn to the SRF in the latter half of the year as liquidity pressures from the September tax date, quarter-end and heavy issuance weighed on the market. "I was encouraged to see market participants using the SRF over the June quarter-end," Logan said at the end of August. "I anticipate they will similarly use our ceiling tools, if necessary, in September." If SRF usage is not the concern, then what? "This is really just a story of issuance," said Earl. "Issuance has put pressure on repo rates, it's not a reserve scarcity issue." Since the debt ceiling resolution in July, cash has successively drained from the repo market as the Treasury rebuilds its main checking account. So far, the Treasury has issued close to $600 billion in Treasury bills, with Barclays estimating another $200 billion in net issuance this month. The abundance of Treasury bills has given money market funds, a major source of liquidity for the repo market, an attractive alternative and increased their bargaining power with repo dealers. The impact of declining money market cash combined with the ever-increasing demand for leverage from hedge funds, has led the entire short-term rates complex higher with the marginal dollar increasingly difficult to find. "We went from an abundant reserve regime, where a ton of collateral would enter the system and be digested relatively easily, to where even a small amount of collateral is having an outsized impact on the repo market," said Teresa Ho, head of U.S. short duration strategy at JP Morgan. In essence, Ho warns, the repo market's sensitivity to the entrance of even incremental collateral has gone up dramatically – and that is likely to concern the Fed as it battles political pressure from the White House. JP Morgan now expects the Fed will end QT at today's meeting, citing concerns over the pervasive pressure in funding markets. "The current funding pressures can't be explained away by the usual culprits like settlements or statement dates, and are emerging on a regular basis, that's concerning," Ho added. Last week — in a period where excess cash from Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) usually anchors repo rates lower — the Secured Overnight Funding Rate (SOFR) averaged within 5 basis points of the SRF offering rate of 4.25, heightening liquidity concerns across the fixed income community. "We were even heavy in the GSE period," said Ho. "That was a sign to me that we are no longer in an abundant reserve state." Bank reserves declined back below $3 trillion last week, their lowest level since the first week of January, shining a brighter light on the already contentious debate over the right level of reserves. Read more The Fed is likely to keep cutting interest rates, but multiple dangers lurk, CNBC survey finds Ray Dalio says a risky AI market bubble is forming, but may not pop until the Fed tightens The Fed is expected to cut interest rates—how to lock in higher returns on savings now The argument for ending QT today is primarily one of risk management: there are ongoing liquidity concerns going into the fourth quarter, including the cost of the marginal dollar, collateral sensitivity, Canadian year-end and GSIB year-end. Meanwhile, the Fed is facing heavy scrutiny from the President Donald Trump's administration and JP Morgan suspects Fed Chair Jerome Powell's appetite for risking stress in the funding market is low. Together, these elements likely outweigh the benefit of keeping the program running, which only has $40 billion to run-off between now and December. "For me the bigger question is what do we do after QT ends," said Ho. "The budget deficit is only getting bigger, Treasury issuance is only going to increase, and the amount of collateral in the system is only going to grow." Current trends suggest a decline in demand for Treasurys from the traditional big buyers, namely banks, the Fed, and foreign central banks, whose custody holdings of U.S. Treasurys recently hit their lowest level in 13 years, according to Deutsche Bank. The result has been an expanded role for levered players, who will ultimately have to fund these new Treasury positions in the repo market – elevating the demand side of the equation at the exact time repo liquidity, and reserves, are growing scarcer.